【摘要】：隨著持久性有機污染物的大量使用,環境問題變的越來越嚴重。一些國家和國際組織開始禁止或者限制它們的生產和使用,例如:多溴聯苯醚(PBDEs)和多氯聯苯(PCBs)。然而,一些新型的溴代阻燃劑(BFRs)開始出現,例如:三(2,3二溴丙基)異氰脲酸酯(TBC)、六溴環十二烷(HBCDs)、四溴雙酚A(TBBPA),它們被大量應用于石油化工業、機械制造業、電子電器產品制造業中,研究表明它們具有類似于持久性有機污染物(POPs)的性質,并廣泛分布于環境中。本文以黃河三角洲濕地為環境模型,研究該濕地沉積物中TBC和HBCDs的污染水平、組成特征、與TOC之間相關性、儲量估計以及暴露風險等。論文的主要內容與結論如下:1.本實驗優化了TBC和HBCDs前處理及分析檢測方法,對樣品進行冷凍干燥、索氏提取、過復合硅膠層析柱、旋轉蒸發及氮吹濃縮,最后進UPLC-MS-MS分離檢測。為保證實驗精確度,進行樣品加標回收實驗,所有樣品中均加入同位素標記的[13C12]-α-、β-、γ-HBCD作為回收率內標,回收率分別為88 102%、93 107%、83 98%,相對標準偏差(RSD)的范圍是4.73 9.11%。2.實驗結果表明:TBC的檢出率為100%,含量在0.20-29.03 ng·g-1之間,平均含量為6.88 ng·g-1;α-、β-、γ-HBCD的檢出率分別為75%、71%、96%,平均含量分別為0.69 ng·g-1、0.42 ng·g-1、5.20 ng·g-1;α-、β-、γ-HBCD所占的比例分別為10.1%(5.7 17.0%)、6.1%(3.0 12.1%)、83.8%(73.2 100.0%)。3.黃河口處采樣點HBCDs平均含量(10.46 ng·g-1)相對其他點較高,沿黃河故道采樣點TBC和HBCDs的含量較低�？赡苁屈S河改道上游的污染不流經黃河故道,也不會隨著徑流的泥沙攜帶而沉積,并且政府出臺了保護黃河故道的政策。另外,空氣進行遠距離傳輸是TBC、HBCDs遷移的方式之一,但主要的污染方式還是點源污染。4.用SPSS 17.0對檢測結果進行分析(1)對TBC和HBCDs進行相關性分析表明:HBCDs三種同分異構體之間顯著相關,TBC與HBCDs各同分異構體之間存在弱相關,這表明TBC與HBCDs的污染源可能存在一定的區別。(2)TOC與TBC、HBCDs呈弱的正相關性,TOC與TBC,α-HBCD,β-HBCD,γ-HBCD,ΣHBCDs含量相關系數分別為:r=0.154(p=0.473),r=0.138(p=0.522),r=0.02(p=0.917),r=0.295(p=0.162),r=0.275(p=0.194)。這一結果表明:沉積物中總有機碳含量是影響BFRs分布的因素之一。(3)對黃河三角洲濕地沉積物中TBC、α-、β-、γ-HBCD和ΣHBCDs進行儲量估計,并對TBC和HBCDs的暴露途徑包括職業暴露和非職業暴露(飲食暴露、吸吸暴露、皮膚攝入等)進行分析。(4)為進一步了解黃河三角洲濕地沉積物中TBC和HBCDs的水平,將該區域與膠州灣濕地進行對比,結果表明:TBC含量約高于膠州灣濕地2倍,HBCDs的含量稍低于膠州灣濕地。在與世界其它地區對比中發現,黃河三角洲濕地HBCDs的含量(8.40 ng?g-1)處于中等水平。
[Abstract]:With the extensive use of persistent organic pollutants, environmental problems become more and more serious. A number of countries and international organizations have begun to ban or restrict their production and use, such as polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).) However, some new brominated flame retardants, (BFRs), have begun to emerge, such as tris (2br 3 dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are widely used in the petrochemical industry. Mechanical manufacturing, electronic and electrical products manufacturing industry, research shows that they have the properties similar to the persistent organic pollutant (POPs), and they are widely distributed in the environment. Taking the wetland in the Yellow River Delta as an environmental model, the pollution level, composition, correlation with TOC, reserve estimation and exposure risk of TBC and HBCDs in the sediments of the wetland are studied in this paper. The main contents and conclusions are as follows: 1. In this experiment, the pretreatment and detection methods of TBC and HBCDs were optimized. The samples were freeze-dried, Soxhlet extraction, over-composite silica gel chromatography column, rotary evaporation and nitrogen concentration, and finally were separated and detected by UPLC-MS-MS. In order to ensure the accuracy of the experiment and to carry out the sample recovery experiment, the isotopic labeled [13C12]-偽 -, 尾 -, 緯-HBCD was added to all samples as the internal standard of recovery. The recoveries were 88? The range of relative standard deviation (RSD) is 4.73 / 9.11. The results showed that the detection rate of TBC was 100%, the content was between 0.20-29.03 ng g ~ (-1), the average content was 6.88 ng g ~ (-1); The detectable rates of 偽 -, 尾 -, 緯-HBCD were 75 / 71and 96, respectively. The average content of 偽 -, 尾 -, 緯-HBCD was 0.69 ng / g ~ (-1) 0.42 ng / g ~ (-1) and 5.20 ng / g ~ (-1), respectively. The percentage of 偽 -, 尾 -, 緯-HBCD were 10.1% (5.7-17.0%), 6.1% (3.0-12.1%) and 83.8% (73.2-100.0%), respectively. The average HBCDs content (10.46 ng g ~ (-1) at the Yellow River Estuary is higher than that at the other points, and the TBC and HBCDs contents are lower in the sampling sites along the Yellow River. It is possible that the pollution from the upstream diversion of the Yellow River does not flow through the Yellow River's old road, nor does it deposit with the sediment carried by the runoff, and the government has issued policies to protect the Yellow River's old road. In addition, long distance air transport is one of the ways of TBC,HBCDs transport, but the main pollution is point source pollution. 4. 4. The results were analyzed with SPSS 17.0. (1) the correlation analysis of TBC and HBCDs showed that there was a significant correlation among the three isomers of HBCDs, and there was a weak correlation between the isomers of TBC and HBCDs. These results suggest that there may be some differences between TBC and HBCDs. (2) there is a weak positive correlation between TOC and TBC,HBCDs, and the correlation coefficients of TOC and TBC, 偽-HBCD, 尾-HBCD, 緯-HBCD, 危 HBCDs are: rn 0. 154 (p0. 473), and the correlation coefficient between TOC and TBC, 偽-HBCD, 尾-HBCD, 緯-HBCD, 危 HBCDs is 0. 154 (p0. 473). The results were as follows: (1) 0.138 (p0. 522), 0. 02 (p0. 917), 0. 295 (p0. 162), 0. 275 (p0. 194). The results show that the content of total organic carbon in sediments is one of the factors affecting the distribution of BFRs. (3) the reserves of TBC, 偽 -, 尾 -, 緯-HBCD and 危 HBCDs in sediments of wetlands in the Yellow River Delta are estimated. The exposure pathways of TBC and HBCDs including occupational exposure and non-occupational exposure (diet exposure, inhalation exposure, skin intake, etc.) were analyzed. (4) to further understand the levels of TBC and HBCDs in the sediments of the Yellow River Delta wetland. The results showed that the content of TBC was about 2 times higher than that of Jiaozhou Bay wetland, and the content of HBCDs was slightly lower than that of Jiaozhou Bay wetland. Compared with other parts of the world, the HBCDs content (8.40 ng?g-1) of the wetland in the Yellow River Delta is at the middle level.
【學位授予單位】：青島大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X592

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