本文選題：利益集團　切入點：自由貿易　出處：《外交學院》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：外交是內政的延續,內政是外交的基礎。國家對外政策往往都是其國內政治的產物。作為“議會之母”的英國,議會則是其內政的集中體現,議會對其外交政策的影響是舉足輕重的。18世紀中后葉,英國率先在世界上啟動了工業革命,英國走出農業經濟的束縛跨進工業經濟。工業革命的爆發和海外貿易的繁榮推動著英國社會結構的變化。以工商業資本家為主導的自由商人往往憑借海外貿易財富迅速崛起,其經濟實力逐步與貴族統治階級并駕齊驅,甚至超越了貴族統治階級,成為國家經濟生活的主要參與者,經濟地位的提升促使這些崛起的階級要求與之相配的議會政治地位,而議會政治權利的獲取并不是一帆風順的,19世紀初自由商人的利益訴求常常被忽略或者作為貴族統治階級的附庸,然而歷史已指引英國重商主義貿易向自由主義貿易轉變。1820年倫敦商人陳情書在議會提議的失敗與1840年議會關于對華鴉片戰爭提議成功的對比反映的不僅僅是英國貿易政策的重大轉向,也反映了政策轉變背后利益集團結構的變化。從19世紀初期自由主義的星星之火到19世紀中后期自由主義的大行其道,這一切的實現與1832年議會改革有著密切的聯系。1832年議會改革不僅僅是制度的改革,更是對自由商人既得利益的肯定并賦予其匹配的政治地位,政治地位的獲得為自由貿易政策的出臺提供了更多的可能,在這個過程中,自由商人的政治權利也漸漸向政治權力過渡,最終自由主義引領英國走向輝煌。本文認為,這些變化可視為國內政治與對外政策的互動,議會改革一定程度肯定了自由貿易者既得利益和地位,為他們日后利益維護贏得了話語權,依靠著政治上的話語權和經濟上的持續發展,自由貿易最終成為19世紀英國對外經濟政策,而這是議會改革通過利益偏好、信息和制度三個因素實現的。
[Abstract]:Diplomacy is the continuation of internal affairs, and internal affairs is the basis of diplomacy. Foreign policy is often the product of its domestic politics. As the "mother of parliament", the British Parliament is the concentrated embodiment of its internal affairs. Parliament's influence on its foreign policy was significant in the mid-18th century, when Britain took the lead in launching the industrial revolution in the world. Britain stepped out of the shackles of the agricultural economy into the industrial economy. The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution and the prosperity of overseas trade promoted the changes in the social structure of the United Kingdom. Free businessmen, led by industrial and commercial capitalists, often rose rapidly on the basis of overseas trade wealth. Its economic strength gradually kept pace with the aristocratic ruling class, and even surpassed the aristocratic ruling class and became the main participant in the country's economic life. The upgrading of the economic status prompted these rising classes to demand the corresponding parliamentary political status. The acquisition of parliamentary political rights was not an easy one. The interests of liberal merchants in the early 19th century were often ignored or as an appendage of the aristocratic ruling class. History, however, has guided Britain's mercantilist trade to liberalism. The failure of the 1820 London businessman's love letter in Parliament to the 1840 parliamentary proposal for the Opium War against China reflects more than just Britain. A major shift in trade policy, It also reflects the changes in the structure of interest groups behind the policy shift. From the sparkle of liberalism in the beginning of 19th century to the liberalism in the middle and late period of 19th century, The realization of all this is closely related to the parliamentary reform of 1832, which in 1832 was not only a reform of the system, but also an affirmation of the vested interests of free businessmen and a matching political status. The acquisition of political status provides more possibilities for the introduction of free trade policy. In this process, the political rights of free businessmen gradually transition to political power, and finally liberalism leads Britain to glory. These changes can be seen as an interaction between domestic politics and foreign policy. Parliamentary reform has to a certain extent affirmed the vested interests and status of free traders and won a voice for their future interests. Depending on the political right of speech and the sustained development of economy, free trade finally became British foreign economic policy in 19th century, which was realized through interest preference, information and system in parliamentary reform.
【學位授予單位】：外交學院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D756.1

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